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IIR document

Liquid air energy storage. Part of the joint project "offshore wind solution".

• Author(s) : GROSSMANN B., EGGERS D., BOBSIN P., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electricity, Design, Air, Energy storage, Sea, Liquefied gas, Wind energy
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Naturally air-conditioned nearly zero-energy housing: The Earth, Wind & Fire case study.

• Author(s) : PATIDAR Y., BOKEL R.
• Publication date: 2021/12
• Languages : English
• Source: REHVA Journal - vol. 58 - 6
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

“Night wind” energy storage concept develops into a product: a cold store time of use (ToU) controller.

• Author(s) : SLUIS S. M. van der, HOOGENDOORN E. J., DE GEUS A. C.
• Publication date: 2014/06/23
• Languages : English
• Source: 3^rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014
• Formats : PDF

Development of a cooling system for superconducting wind turbine generator.

• Author(s) : FURUSE M., FUCHINO S., OKANO M., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Wind, Turbine, Cryogenerator, Design, Superconductor, High temperature
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 80

IIR document

Numerical simulation on ionic wind heat transfer in a thermoelectric cooling system.

• Author(s) : HE Y., ZHENG Y., LI R., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Wind, Thermoelectric cooling, Enhancement, Heat transfer, Simulation
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Comparison between measurement and wind tunnel experiment intended for apartment house.

• Author(s) : YAMADA K., NISHIMURA Y., SAKAI K.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Residential sector, Comparison, Measurement, Natural ventilation, Wind tunnel
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Prototype modular cryostat utilized for 10 MW offshore superconducting wind turbine.

• Author(s) : SUN J., SANZ S., RAMALINGAM R., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Wind, Turbine, Superconduction, Generator, Cryostat, Design, Prototype, Simulation, Cryocooler
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Design studies on building-integrated wind energy using CFD simulations.

• Author(s) : YANG A. S., WANG W. S., WANG P. C., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Velocity (fluids, gases), Turbine, Plant (equipment), CFD, Building, Turbulence, Wind energy
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Development of operating envelope limits for equipment tested in a wind tunnel.

• Author(s) : SARFRAZ O., BACH C. K.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Psychrometry, Operation, Wind tunnel, Evaporation, Evaporator, Testing, Equipment
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Wind-break walls with optimized setting angles for natural draft dry cooling tower with vertical radiators.

• Author(s) : MA H., SI F., KONG Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/02/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Wind, Radiator, Cooling tower, Simulation, Performance
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 112

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Investigation on the performance characteristics of a novel heat pump directly driven by wind turbine.

• Author(s) : SUN X., ZHONG X., ZHANG M., XU J.
• Publication date: 2020/07/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, Wind energy, Performance, Model, Simulation, Electricity
• Source: IIR Rankine Conference 2020.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Simulation and analysis of the influence of wind flow on the evolution of hydrogen vapor cloud.

• Author(s) : LIU Y., LEI G., WEI J., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Wind, Velocity (fluids, gases), CFD, Liquid, Vapour, Modelling, Hydrogen, Flow
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study of the water evaporation rate on stainless steel plate in a wind tunnel.

• Author(s) : LECOQ L., FLICK D., LAGUERRE O.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food industry, Contamination, Wind tunnel, Plate, Humidity, Expérimentation, Evaporation, Water, Stainless steel
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Process simulation and integration of liquid air energy storage (LAES) in the context of wind electricity.

• Author(s) : SHMELEVA V. N., ARKHAROV I.
• Publication date: 2021/10/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Liquid, Air, Energy storage, Cryogenics, Liquefaction, Wind, Turbine, Thermodynamic property, Efficiency, Simulation
• Source: Cryogenics 2021 online. Proceedings of the 16^th IIR International Conference, October 5-7, 2021.
• Formats : PDF

Determinación de las curvas caracteristicas de un ventilador axial para uso en refrigeración doméstica mediante túnel de viento.

Determination of the characteristic curves of an axial fan for use in domestic refrigeration using a wind tunnel.

• Author(s) : VINTIMILLA A. R., NARVÁEZ F. E., JARA N. G., REINOSO F. Z.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Household refrigerator, Energy efficiency, Optimization, Fan, Flow rate, Pressure, Expérimentation, Wind tunnel
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Briefs: Night wind

A European project designed to store wind energy produced at night in refrigerated warehouses then to use this energy during daytime peak hours has been launched in The Netherlands. Wind turbines are being installed and cold store refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Briefs: Ionic Wind to Cool PCs

Kronos Advanced Technologies are developing a cooling process for personal computers based on an ionic wind pump. Ionic air propulsion is based on a principle called the corona discharge, an electrical discharge characterized by a corona, i.e. a...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Briefs: Refrigerated windmill provides drinking water

A windmill equipped with a small cooling system produces up to 200 litres of drinking water/day. Collecting moisture from wind was already applied in Chile for instance, but by adding the small cooling device, it was possible for Marc Parent, the...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Facebook profiles cooled down through polar wind (in French)

The cooling of servers which process most of the data published on our walls uses polar wind.

• Publication date : 2016/10/01

Ireland: example of energy storage using wind turbine

The idea is to store excess energy produced at night and to reuse it when it’s necessary during the day.

• Publication date : 2015/03/23

Windcatchers: the birth of air conditioning and natural refrigeration?

Windcatchers, which can reduce indoor temperatures by around 10°C and store water at near-freezing temperatures during summer months, have been used over centuries in many regions around the world.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

UNEP report on HFCs: key findings

During the United Nations COP9/MOP23 Conference of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol which took place in Bali, Indonesia, on November 21-25, 2011, the IIR participated in a side-event presenting a new report "HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting...

• Publication date : 2012/02/20
• Subjects: Figures, economy

The hidden cold chain behind Valentine’s Day roses

The average journey of a Valentine’s rose, from harvesting in South America to the point of sale in the US, is 10-12 days during which the role of refrigeration is essential.

• Publication date : 2019/02/28

Find out how efficient your cold store is!

Find out how efficient your cold store is!Perhaps you know how much energy your cold store uses each year, but have you ever wondered how your cold store ranks against other similar cold stores? Maybe you are throwing away money and wasting...

• Publication date : 2011/12/08

Briefs: Mahindra introduces Hy-Alfa hydrogen-powered three-wheeler

Three-wheeled vehicles are common on the streets in India. However, these vehicles are generally either human-powered or they run on gasoline, often using highly polluting two-stroke motors. Mahindra, a major vehicle manufacturer in India, has its...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Study finds ice cream colder that it needs to be

Recent research suggests that ice cream manufacturers could use higher temperatures in their freezers and save energy without harming product quality Writing in the Journal of Dairy Science, researchers at South Dakota State University in the...

• Publication date : 2011/08/16

EU F-Gas review: feedbacks on the preliminary findings of the evaluation study

The preliminary evaluation report submitted in May at the request of the European Commission by Öko-Recherche and Ricardo raised some questions. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/28
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

For IIR members only

1924 – 2024: Celebrating 100 years of the frozen food industry

In 1924, Clarence Birdseye patented the first apparatus for freezing and packaging fish. 

• Publication date : 2024/02/26
• Subjects: General information

Cold stores: how to achieve net zero emissions?

The UK Cold Chain Federation recently released a report presenting technologies to help temperature-controlled warehouses achieve net zero emissions.  

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Environment

India bans imports of air conditioners

The Indian government has banned the import of air conditioners in order to boost domestic production.

• Publication date : 2020/10/26
• Subjects: Regulation, Figures, economy

Now it’s even easier to find your thesis in FRIDOC!

To increase the visibility of your thesis, publish it in FRIDOC. The comprehensive database dedicated to refrigeration information now comprises nearly 300 theses from across the globe.

• Publication date : 2022/11/22
• Subjects: General information

Find the content of the IIR website in all languages!

Did you know ? Most Internet browsers have built-in translation tools. The IIR explains how to do this, so that you can read its content in all languages! 

• Publication date : 2023/03/27

Find out who are the top 10 most active countries on the IIR website!

Since its overhaul in 2020, traffic to the IIR website has doubled and it has seen a drastic increase in the number of visitors from least developed countries. Find out who have been the top 10 most active...

• Publication date : 2022/12/05
• Subjects: General information

Find out what happened at the 2nd Virtual Networking Session at the IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2020

The IIR Working Group on Careers in Refrigeration (CaRe), the European Partnership for Energy and the Environment (EPEE) and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences organised a virtual networking event on...

• Publication date : 2021/01/22

IIR partner in INDEE+

The IIR takes part of the project INDEE+ which aims to support the Indian refrigeration and Air Conditioning sector in the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly...

• Publication date : 2021/05/31
• Subjects: Developing country

New in our Encyclopedia: cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry

This summary document presents the potential applications of liquid cryogens in the pharmaceutical sector. 

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: Technology

Women in the Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Industry Report

UN Environment recently published a report on the personal experiences and achievements of women working in the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry.

• Publication date : 2019/08/29
• Subjects: General information

What role does social media play in today’s refrigeration industry?

Today, social media has become an important tool of daily life for many across the globe in diverse fields and sectors. Learn how to reap the benefits of social media in your expertise.

• Publication date : 2016/04/13

ENOUGH – a new project that will identify how food industry can become net zero by 2050

The project will develop technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU’s farm to fork Strategy to achieve climate neutrality in the food industry.

• Publication date : 2021/10/29

IIR Working Group publishes Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance

The Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) provide a harmonised method to calculate the LCCP for all types of stationary air conditioning, heat pumping and refrigeration systems.

• Publication date : 2016/01/27

Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”

This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...

• Publication date : 2016/11/09

New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy

The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Environment

New IIR Informatory Note on thermal energy storage systems

IIR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that a well-designed TES system can reduce energy consumption through more efficient equipment operation and lower investment costs, thus reducing the equipment...

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

New European projects for the IIR

In line with its international activities, the IIR is going to take part in two European projects which have just been validated by the European Commission.

• Publication date : 2016/02/24

The IIR remains a key partner in European refrigeration projects

In line with its international activities, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is currently a partner of three European research projects focused on very distinct areas of refrigeration technology.

• Publication date : 2018/10/08

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables